Monday, September 30, 2019

The Accounting Cycle

In the general point of view, an accounting cycle refers to certain procedures that must be established by every business unit to provide the data to be reported on the financial statements. The accounting process consists of two interrelated parts: the recording phase and the summarizing phase. Although these phases vary in details depending on the nature of the business, the main purpose is just the same – to be able to provide an accurate report containing the firm's condition and the result of its operation. To clearly illustrate the complete accounting cycle of a finance company, let us take as an example Dann & Berns, Inc. The company is engaged in providing business analysis including credit investigation, a thorough study of the company profile, review of the client's financial statements, and providing an overall rating of the clients, whom we will call as subjects in this example. Among Dann & Berns' subjects include big companies who are applying for accreditation as a distributor of another firm; applicant verification for banks and other financial institutions offering various types of loans, as part of their pre-approval requirements; outsourcing companies and other headhunting firms for hire-right purposes; and others from different industries. To be able to provide the necessary services, Dann & Berns is hiring very senior financial professionals for these functions. These professionals are required to have a solid background in finance and accounting as well as the ability to communicate with the top management of different financial institutions. A deep knowledge on financial analysis is highly expected from them. The Operations Department is involved in the main process and is consist of report coordinators, field officers, business analysts, and editors, who are all directly reporting to the vice president. Other departments providing support include marketing, human resources, legal, information technology, accounting and audit. The marketing people are the ones who have direct contact with the subject. They collect and forward the primary documents and other requirements to the operations department through the report coordinators. The report coordinators will then input necessary data for monitoring and assignment of subjects to the business analysts. The editors are responsible in reviewing the work of the business analysts. Their responsibilities include double-checking of the ratings given to the subject, based on their company profile, the result of background checks, outcome of credit investigations made, and the content of their financial statements. Field officers are the ones who do the personal background-checking and other liaison work including but not limited to gathering of pertinent documents from the Securities and Exchange Commission, IRS, Federal Bank and other banks, and other regulatory bodies to authenticate the validity of the papers submitted by the subject. Once the accreditation process is done, the editors will forward the reports back to the report coordinators, who will then issue a list of completed reports per subject to the accounting department for billing purposes. This is the starting point of Dann & Berns' accounting cycle.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Shadow Kiss Chapter 16

Sixteen â€Å"SO ARE YOU,† HE TEASED. â€Å"Yeah, but I just thought – â€Å" â€Å"That I was human? Because of the bite marks?† â€Å"Yeah,† I admitted. No point in lying. â€Å"We all have to survive,† he said. â€Å"And dhampirs are good at figuring out ways to.† â€Å"Yeah, but most of us become guardians,† I pointed out. â€Å"Especially men.† I still couldn't believe he was a dhampir – or that I hadn't spotted it right away. Long ago, dhampirs had been born from humans and Moroi getting together. We were half-vampire, half-human. Over time, Moroi started keeping themselves separate from humans. Humans grew too plentiful and no longer needed Moroi for magic. Moroi now feared they'd become human experiments if ever discovered. So no more dhampirs were being made that way, and in a bizarre genetic twist, dhampirs getting together with dhampirs couldn't make more dhampirs. The only way my race kept reproducing was through Moroi mixing with dhampirs. Normal logic would make you think that a dhampir and a Moroi would make children who were ? Moroi. Nope. We came out with perfect dhampir genes, half and half, mixing some of the best traits of both races. Most dhampirs came from dhampir women and Moroi men. For centuries, these women had sent their kids off to be raised somewhere else, so that the mothers could go back to being guardians. That's what mine had done. Over time, though, some dhampir women had decided they wanted to raise their children themselves. They refused to be guardians and instead banded together in communities. That's what Dimitri's mother had done. Lots of ugly rumors surrounded these women because Moroi men often visited in the hopes of getting cheap sex. Dimitri had told me that a lot of these stories were exaggerated and that most dhampir women weren't that easy. The rumors came from the fact that these women were almost always single mothers who had no contact with their kids' fathers – and because some dhampirs would let Moroi drink blood during sex. It was a kinky, dirty thing in our culture and was where the nickname for these non-guardian dhampirs had come from: blood whores. But I'd never even thought about a male blood whore. My mind was reeling. â€Å"Most guys who don't want to be guardians just run off,† I said. It was rare, but it happened. Guys bailed on guardian school and disappeared to hide out among humans. It was another disgraceful thing. â€Å"I didn't want to run off,† said Ambrose, seeming very cheerful about all this. â€Å"But I didn't want to fight Strigoi either. So I did this.† Beside me, Lissa was stunned. Blood whores stayed on the fringes of our world. Having one right in front of her – a guy, no less – was incredible. â€Å"This is better than being a guardian?† I asked in disbelief. â€Å"Well, let's see. Guardians spend all their time watching out for others, risking their lives, and wearing bad shoes. Me? I have great shoes, am currently massaging a pretty girl, and sleep in an awesome bed.† I made a face. â€Å"Let's not talk about where you sleep, okay?† â€Å"And giving blood isn't as bad as you think. I don't give as much as a feeder, but the high's pretty neat.† â€Å"Let's not talk about that either,† I said. No way would I admit that I knew Moroi bites were indeed â€Å"pretty neat.† â€Å"Fine. But say what you want, my life's good.† He gave me a lopsided smile. â€Å"But aren't people, like†¦well, aren't they mean to you? They must say things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh yes,† he agreed. â€Å"Horrible things. I get called a lot of ugly names. But you know where I get the most grief from? Other dhampirs. Moroi tend to leave me alone.† â€Å"That's because they don't understand what it's like to be a guardian, how important it is.† It occurred to me, with some unease, that I sounded exactly like my mother. â€Å"It's what dhampirs are meant to do.† Ambrose rose, unkinking his legs and giving me a face full of muscled chest. â€Å"You sure? How would you like to find out what you're really meant to do? I know someone who might be able to tell you.† â€Å"Ambrose, don't do it,† groaned Lissa's manicurist. â€Å"That woman's crazy.† â€Å"She's psychic, Eve.† â€Å"She's not psychic, and you cannot take the Dragomir princess to go see her.† â€Å"The queen herself goes to her for advice,† he argued back. â€Å"That's a mistake too,† grumbled Eve. Lissa and I exchanged looks. She'd latched onto the word psychic. Psychics and fortune-tellers were generally regarded with the same disbelief as ghosts – except that Lissa and I had recently learned that psychic abilities we'd previously believed to be fantasy were actually part of spirit. Hope that she might have stumbled onto another spirit user shot through Lissa. â€Å"We'd love to see a psychic. Can we go? Please?† Lissa glanced at a nearby clock. â€Å"And soon? We have a flight to catch.† Eve clearly thought it was a waste of our time, but Ambrose could hardly wait to show us. We put our shoes back on and were led out of the massage area. The spa rooms had been in a maze of halls behind the front salon, and we soon found ourselves in another maze that was farther back still. â€Å"There's no directory here,† I said as we walked past closed doors. â€Å"What are these rooms for?† â€Å"Everything and anything people will pay money for,† he said. â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Ah, Rose. You're such an innocent.† We finally reached a door at the end of the hall. We stepped inside and found a small room that only held a desk. A closed door sat beyond it. A Moroi at the desk looked up, obviously recognizing Ambrose. He walked over to her, and the two got into a quiet argument as he tried to get her to let us in. Lissa turned to me, keeping her voice soft. â€Å"What do you think?† My eyes were on Ambrose. â€Å"That all that muscle's going to waste.† â€Å"Forget the blood whore thing already. I mean about this psychic. Do you think we've found another spirit user?† she asked eagerly. â€Å"If a party boy like Adrian can be a spirit user, then a woman who tells the future probably can be too.† Ambrose returned to us, grinning. â€Å"Suzanne was happy to fit you into the schedule before your flight. It'll be just a minute while Rhonda finishes up with her current client.† Suzanne didn't look very happy about fitting us in, but I didn't have time to ponder that because the inner door opened and an older Moroi man walked out, entranced. He gave Suzanne some cash, nodded at the rest of us, and left. Ambrose stood and made a wide sweeping motion toward the door. â€Å"Your turn.† Lissa and I walked inside the other room. Ambrose followed and closed the door behind us. It was like walking into someone's heart. Everything was red. Plush red carpet, a red velvet couch, velvet brocade wallpaper, and red satin cushions on the floor. Sitting on the cushions was a Moroi in her forties, with curly black hair and equally dark eyes. There was a very faint olive cast to her skin, but her overall look was pale, like all Moroi. Her black clothing stood out in stark contrast to the red room, and jewelry the color of my nails gleamed on her neck and hands. I expected her to speak in a spooky, mysterious voice – one with an exotic accent – but her words sounded blandly American. â€Å"Please, sit down.† She pointed to some cushions across from her. Ambrose sat on the couch. â€Å"Who've you brought?† she asked him as Lissa and I settled down. â€Å"Princess Vasilisa Dragomir, and her guardian-to-be, Rose. They need a fast fortune.† â€Å"Why do you always want to rush these things?† Rhonda asked. â€Å"Hey, it's not me. They have a plane to catch.† â€Å"It'd be the same if you didn't. You're always in a rush.† I shook off my awe of the room enough to pay attention to their easy banter and similar hair. â€Å"Are you guys related?† â€Å"This is my aunt,† said Ambrose fondly. â€Å"She adores me.† Rhonda rolled her eyes. That was a surprise. Dhampirs rarely had contact with their extended Moroi family, but then, Ambrose was hardly normal. Lissa was intrigued by all of this too, but her interest was different from mine. She was studying Rhonda intently, trying to find any indication that the woman might be a spirit user. â€Å"Are you a gypsy?† I asked. Rhonda made a face and began shuffling some cards. â€Å"I'm Roma,† she said. â€Å"A lot of people call us gypsies, though the term isn't exactly accurate. And really, I'm Moroi first.† She gave the cards a few more shuffles, then handed them to Lissa. â€Å"Cut, please.† Lissa was still staring, half-hoping she might see an aura. Adrian could sense other spirit users, but she didn't have that skill yet. She cut the cards and handed them back. Rhonda put the deck back together and dealt out three cards to Lissa. I leaned forward. â€Å"Cool.† They were tarot cards. I didn't know much about them, only that they supposedly had mystical powers and could tell the future. I didn't believe in that stuff much more than I'd ever believed in religion, but then, until recently, I'd never really believed in ghosts, either. The three cards were the Moon, the Empress, and the Ace of Cups. Ambrose leaned over my shoulder to peer at the cards. â€Å"Ooh,† he said. â€Å"Very interesting.† Rhonda glanced up at him. â€Å"Hush. You don't know what you're talking about.† She turned back to the cards and tapped the Ace of Cups. â€Å"You're on the verge of a new beginning, a rebirth of great power and emotion. Your life will change, but it will be a change that takes you in a direction that, while difficult, will ultimately illuminate the world.† â€Å"Whoa,† I said. Rhonda then pointed to the Empress. â€Å"Power and leadership lie ahead of you, which you will handle with grace and intelligence. The seeds are already in place, though there's an edge of uncertainty – an enigmatic set of influences that hang around you like mist.† Her attention was on the Moon as she said those words. â€Å"But my overall impression is that those unknown factors won't deter you from your destiny.† Lissa's eyes were wide. â€Å"You can tell that just from the cards?† Rhonda shrugged. â€Å"It's in the cards, yes, but I also have a gift that lets me see forces beyond what ordinary people can perceive.† She shuffled the cards again and then handed them to me to cut. I did, and she flipped three more over. The Nine of Swords, the Sun, and the Ace of Swords. The Sun card was upside down. Now, I knew nothing about this stuff, but I immediately got the feeling I was about to get a raw deal compared to Lissa. The Empress card had shown a woman in a long dress, with stars on her head. The Moon had shown a full moon with two dogs below it, and the Ace of Cups had shown a bejeweled chalice filled with flowers. Meanwhile, my Nine of Swords showed a woman sobbing in front of a wall of swords, and the Ace of Swords was a boring hand holding a plain iron sword. The Sun at least looked cheerful. It had what looked like an angel riding a white horse, with a brilliant sun shining above. â€Å"Shouldn't that be flipped right-side up?† I asked. â€Å"No,† she said, eyes on the cards. After several moments of heavy silence, she said, â€Å"You will destroy that which is undead.† I waited about thirty seconds for her to continue, but she didn't. â€Å"Wait, that's it?† She nodded. â€Å"That's what the cards say to me.† I pointed at them. â€Å"Seems like they've got a little bit more to say than that. You gave Lissa a whole encyclopedia worth of information! And I already know I'm going to kill the undead. That's my job.† Bad enough I'd gotten a minuscule fortune. It was also totally unoriginal. Rhonda shrugged, as though that were some sort of explanation. I started to say that she'd better not even think about charging me for that crap reading when there was a soft knock at the door. It opened, and to my surprise, Dimitri stuck his head inside. His eyes fell on Lissa and me. â€Å"Ah, they said you were in here.† He walked in and noticed Rhonda. To my further surprise, he gave her a low nod of respect and said very politely, â€Å"I'm sorry to interrupt, but I need to bring these two to their flight.† Rhonda examined him – but not in a checking-him-out kind of way. It was more like he was mystery she wanted to figure out. â€Å"There's nothing to apologize for. But maybe you've got time for a reading of your own?† With our similar views on religion, I expected Dimitri to tell her he had no time for her scam-artist fortune-telling. Yet the look on his face stayed serious, and he finally nodded, sitting down beside me, letting me smell the sweet scent of leather and aftershave. â€Å"Thank you.† His words were still perfectly polite. â€Å"I'll be brief.† Rhonda was already shuffling up my useless cards. In record time, she had them ready for cutting and had dealt out three cards in front of Dimitri. The Knight of Rods, the Wheel of Fortune, and the Five of Cups. I couldn't get a feel for these. The Knight of Rods was what it sounded like, a man on horseback with a long wooden spear. The Wheel of Fortune was a circle with strange symbols floating in the clouds. The Five of Cups showed five knocked-over cups spilling some kind of liquid out while a man stood with his back to them. Her eyes flicked over the cards, looked at Dimitri, then looked back at the cards. Her expression was blank. â€Å"You will lose what you value most, so treasure it while you can.† She pointed to the Wheel of Fortune card. â€Å"The wheel is turning, always turning.† The reading wasn't as good as Lissa's, but he'd gotten a hell of a lot more than me. Lissa elbowed me in a silent warning to be quiet, which startled me at first. Without even realizing it, I'd opened my mouth to protest. I shut it and glowered. Dimitri's face was dark and thoughtful as he stared at the cards. I didn't know if he knew anything about this stuff, but he was staring at the images as though they really held all the secrets of the world. At last, he gave Rhonda another respectful nod. â€Å"Thank you.† She nodded back, and then the three of us rose to catch our flight. Ambrose told us the readings were on him and that he'd settle up with Suzanne afterward. â€Å"It was worth it,† he told me. â€Å"Worth it to see you think twice about your fate.† I scoffed. â€Å"No offense, but those cards didn't make me think much about anything.† Like everything else, this just made him laugh. We were about to leave Suzanne's little waiting room when Lissa suddenly dashed back to Rhonda's open doorway. I followed after her. â€Å"Um, excuse me,† Lissa said. Rhonda looked up from more shuffling, her face troubled. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"This is going to sound weird, but†¦um, could you tell me what element you specialized in?† I could feel Lissa holding her breath. She so, so wanted Rhonda to say she hadn't specialized, which was often the sign of having spirit. There was still so much to learn, and Lissa loved the ideas of finding others who could teach her – and she especially loved the idea of someone teaching her to foretell the future. â€Å"Air,† said Rhonda. A soft breezed rustled through our hair to prove the point. â€Å"Why?† Lissa let go of her breath, disappointment washing over me through her link. â€Å"No reason. Thank you again.†

Saturday, September 28, 2019

First Time in Church

Theological foundation 100 February 13, 2013 Reflection Paper #1 The content of the worship is very different from the way I am used to in Islamic mosques. The priests started by saying â€Å"We bless ourselves for prayer in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit† and the crowd responded with an Amen, and then a person started to read from the bible. Every time the priest or the person finished the reading, people said â€Å"The word of the Lord. † People kept repeating what the priest was saying until he started to read the Gospel.When he stared reading the Gospel, people crossed themselves on the forehead, the lips and the chest with their thumbs to show that Christ is on their mind. Then the priest started to bless the bread and wine, and every person got to drink and eat from them. Then the priest asked people to show a sign of peace by greeting people who are next to each other saying â€Å"Peace be with you. † At the end, the Priest blessed eve ryone and ended the Mass by telling people to go forth and spread the word, and the response was â€Å"Thanks be to God. Music was played for most of the time during the mass. The songs played were in fact really pleasant to listen to and reassuring. The orchestra was behind the stage, so it was almost impossible for people to see them playing the music, and I think it is the way it is just to prevent any distraction to people. I was not actually sure that the songs were in English because I did not understand what the crowd was saying although I had the notes I was given when I entered the church. I actually had a wonderful experience in the Catholic Church.Although I was so nervous and did not expect to be amazed by Christianity at all, there were several things that I really liked and wished that everyone even non-Christians considered to do as human beings. When the priest asked the people to show peace and great each other, everyone looked around him and started to hug the per son next to him saying â€Å"peace with you†. These three words have a great impact on any person who hears them, and makes him feel that he is loved by others and a part of a community.Although no one probably knew the other, they were ready to prove that they are united despite the differences between them. There were many times where I was confused and did not understand what other people were doing. First of all, I did not understand what everyone was singing nor the words repeated after the priest. The songs for some reason did not sound English at all; I wish I could understand them because they were really amazing. Secondly, I did not get the part of blessing the bread and wine. n other words, why would People wait in line just to get one piece of bread to eat? What is so special about it? Also, when getting the piece of bread, the priest was holding people’s heads and repeating some words, and then they crossed on their heads and chests, why is that and what ex actly did the priest say? Lastly, when people were on their way out of the church, they immersed their fingers in the water in the small fountain in front of the exit and crossed again on their head and chest.I did not know why people did that especially nothing seemed unique in the water. After everyone was gone, my friends and I interviewed the leader of the mass. Honestly, I do not know what his name was but he was such a nice person. The clothes he was wearing helped me to distinguish which one was the priest among the people even before the mass started. I expected the priest to be wearing a black dress because this is what I had seen priests wearing, but this priest was wearing a white dress and another green dress above it to distinct him from the other people.Amazingly, he was not wearing any hat like most priests in other churches do, which is a bit strange because I thought all priests wear hats. He was really nice and welcomed us to ask him any question him we had in mind . His broad definition of grace was â€Å"the undeserved love of God. ’’ It is the kindness from God we do not deserve; there is nothing we have done, nor can ever do to earn this favor. From interviewing two of my Christian friends, they both defined grace as the favor that God gave to humanity by sending Jesus Christ to die on a cross, and delivering eternal salvation.Finally, I could not ask the priest many questions because he seemed busy, and I actually was so nervous to keep the talking going. Instead, I just ask one of my friends to tell me about his experience with how god’s grace has changed his live. He said that God’s grace has helped him feel so much better about himself and made him feel strong, confident, and happy. He said that he always trusted god whenever he had troubles, and his life was transformed significantly. He did not know how exactly he overcomes his troubles and depression, but believed that god’s love and power always helped him.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Training skills and implications of an aging workforce Essay

Training skills and implications of an aging workforce - Essay Example Majority of organizations remain imprudent at best in their endeavor to supervise their personnel from retirement suitability to time or cost indispensable to fill an empty position. Such entities lack precious information, which is helpful in guiding and regulating future plans to respond to departing workers. Many baby boomers are likely to exit from organizations in the coming years. Upon their departure, they take away valuable knowledge and experience with them, which negatively impacts the organization (Davidson, Lepeak, & Newman, 2007). The ageing population in Europe and other modern nations and its impacts on the labor market with regards to the balance of labor scarcity or the outflow of personnel and likely costs is more than organization’s concern. The debate is dominating the political arena, with economic viewpoints on possible considerations also up-and-coming in the debate. For illustration, a recent report by the OECD laid out policies and punishments for orga nizations for laying-off elder workers. This course of action may have negative effects as it may lessen hiring rates of older workers. From this policy, commendations are clear as to the best kind of employment protection for ageing workers. That is, to increase their employability and increase the range of employment opportunities more generally. Several fields of action are set out, namely enhancing lifelong learning, the adaptation of training methods to the needs of ageing workers, as well as, the promotion of the delayed retirement of this group of employees. Some of the key barriers that may hinder improvement of older workers employability are; poor working conditions, poor or lack of public services to assist aging workers in their special needs, and their lower participation in training. Inflexible working schedules also hamper training needs to increase employability of ageing workers. Sufficient online services may partially fill of the gaps and offer additional services . A recent study of the Glasgow area holds that the use of ICT and online services provided in a community based course to unemployed people empowers them to accomplish high levels of income and skills for future jobs (Cabrera & Malanowski, 2009). Whenever the subject of the ageing population is mentioned, pointers always go for the baby boom generation, which generally refers to people born in 1946 to 1964. These people are likely to exit employment in the coming years. Ageing population is further compounded by attributes of generations following the baby boomers into the workforce, in relation to their volume, enthusiasm and skills. Subsequent generations following baby boom experienced fairly low birth rates, leading to lesser people entering the workforce to fill the gaps left by exiting workers. In addition, the generation X, Y, and Z are associated with high turnover rates. Indisputably, the ageing labor force will impact organizations in different ways, and the impacts depen d on numerous factors. These are such as the present workforce, demographics and future capacity to attract substitute personnel. A critical examination on the potential impact of the ageing workers can aid organizations to initiate practical human

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Environmental policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Environmental policies - Research Paper Example As a result of the popularity of this issue, there have been key debates on whether the challenge it posses is dangerous for the world with another side dismissing global warming as an affair that is dangerous and does not exist although the two sides identify the importance of protecting the levels of greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. This essay focuses on the challenging issue of global warming. The essay will provide a brief definition of global warming and engage in a discussion of global warming and especially on its key definitional aspect of climate change. Thereafter, the essay identifies the reasons that contribute to the aspect of climate change while identifying the main cause of climate change, which is the greenhouse gases emission. The essay will also identify the main responses to climate change and in particular, the main issues of adaptation to climate change and mitigation processes. Before engaging on any discussion on global warming, it is essential to und erstand what global warming means. By its very name, global warming is the increasing temperatures in the atmosphere of the earth and in oceans. It is important to differentiate between the weather and the climate of the world. In this case, the weather in a particular area includes temperatures, the amount of rainfall experienced in a place, the cloud cover, and the wind speed experienced in the place. On the other hand, the climate of a region or a place is quantified by finding the average of the weather in the place (Fern, 2009). Hence, the weather of a place could be defined as dry and hot, cool and wet, or even cool and dry while the weather could be sunny, rainy, windy, or any other type of weather. It is evident that the weather of a region could change anytime. This implies that the climate of a region could also change, which explains the phenomenon the world currently experiences in relationship to global warming as the world becomes hotter and hotter each day. Evidence o f Climate Change The last two decades have remarkably been characterized by the changes in the climate of the world. In this case, the 1980s and 1990s were noted as very warm years and this was the beginning of the issue of global warming since this period ushered in the changes in world climate (Houghton, 2004). In these two last decades of the 20th century, climatic records indicate that there have been issues of climate change with the world’s climatic conditions growing hotter and hotter. Case in point, there has been evidence of unusually strong winds in Europe with the early morning of 16 October 1987 experiencing blowing down of â€Å"over fifteen million trees in the southeastern part of England and in its capital of London† (Houghton, 2004, p.2). Most recently, the world has experienced its fair share of disasters resulting from typhoons and hurricanes that have brought devastating effects on the environment with the effects of these challenges felt on the liv elihoods of people and on their lives. Rainfall patterns have also changed, which is part of the climate changes that the world continues to experience. In this case, the world has experienced increasing incidents of strong rains that lead to flooding while other areas have experienced low

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Globalization - Essay Example People belonging to a certain culture share the same language and other beliefs and their behaviour is shaped by culture. As such, I think it is important for people in different countries to know the impacts of globalisation on their culture. This subject is very important because it defines the identity of people and it distinguishes them from other groups. Therefore, there is need to preserve indigenous languages and culture for different communities in order to successfully fight the impacts of globalisation. The development of new information and communication such as the internet has contributed to the growth and development of aspects such as the economy. However, the same technology has also contributed to the erosion of other languages given that English is communicated to other marginalized communities and it is now being treated as the first language. This has caused problems to other languages given that they are slowly being eroded by other powerful languages. Language i s passed from generation to generation through the word of mouth and this communication strategy needs to be preserved if we are to preserve our indigenous languages which are being threatened by English in many societies. The erosion of English also entails the erosion of human knowledge as a result of marginalization of other smaller communities. This makes it difficult for such societies to preserve their knowledge which shapes their behaviour (Ostler, 2006). Language is therefore an important element in the fight against the effects of globalisation in different communities. In Haviland, there are two sections that address this issue of globalization as a result of expanding technology. In â€Å"Language and Communication† and â€Å"Global Changes and the Role of Anthropology,† language is seen as a precious resource that can be easily exploited by the dominant and powerful countries such as the English speaking nations as they are bent on imposing their language a s special over other languages (Haviland et al, 2009, p.162). As a result, the rise of globalisation has caused different reactions from other countries which have realised its threats especially to the survival of their own languages. In many countries, the people have realised the importance of their own language which is facing erosion by English which is now communicated to different countries. For instance, in France, there is a growing concern for preserving the French language and this has led the government to launch a campaign to promote the language such as le hamburger and e-mail (Haviland et al, 2009, p. 170). In the United States, the â€Å"English only† campaign amounts to preservation of their interests where many citizens â€Å"seek to shape or transform not only their towns but also†¦the entire country by electing politicians committed to forging a national culture based on what they see as American patriotism, English-only legislation, and traditional Christian values† (Haviland et al, 2009, p. 334).In other countries, language may be seen as the most important way to maintain a sense of national identity. In either event, Haviland’s examination of language in terms of socio-linguistics, which studies the relationship between language and society as well as ethno-linguistics, whi

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Film Making Styles in Bollywood and Hollywood Research Paper

Film Making Styles in Bollywood and Hollywood - Research Paper Example This will be followed by the third part of the research that will focus of the cinematography and film-making techniques on the audience itself. Saving Private Ryan† is a film written by Robert Rodat and directed by Steven Spielberg in 1988. It is set during the Second World War specifically the assault on Normandy. The movie is about rescuing Private First Class Ryan played by Matt Damon, who is missing in action. The United states Department of Defense discovers that three his three brothers had been killed in action and their mother was to receive three telegrams informing her of their death on the same day. General Marshal Orders captain Miller played by Tom Hanks, to assemble a team to find and rescue Private First Class Ryan. Miller and his team immediately move out. In a town called Neuville they meet with soldiers from 101st platoon. On entering Neuville a member of Miller’s team called Caparzo played by Vin Diesel, is shot by a sniper. Jackson, who is played by Barry Pepper is able to shoot and kill the sniper as Caparzo bleeds to death. In the town, they are able to rescue a soldier who they later realize is not Private Ryan. They letter meet a soldier from Charlie Company who informed them that they were dropped at Vieriville, and that Baker company which Private Ryan belonged to had the same dropping zone. Here, they locate Ryan’s colleague who directs them to a bridge over Merderet River in Ramelle town where Private Ryan is defending a strategic post. While going to Remelle, the Captain decides to neutralize a German position close to the radar station. Here, their medic, Wade, played by Giovanni Ribisi, is killed. They capture a German soldier who is later released blind folded by Milner despite protests from his men. This sparks an argument on the leadership of Captain Miller but is quickly settled. Finally, the squad finds three soldiers ambushing a German personnel carrier. Private Ryan is among the paratroopers. Although Ryan is devastated after being told of their mission and the death of his three brothers, he feels that it is unfair for him to be allowed to go home and tells Captain Miller that he does not wish to go home since he had a duty to help his brothers (his fellow soldiers) to defend the bridge and destroy approaching Nazis. Captain Miller decides to take command and defend the bridge. The Nazis arrive with a force of more than fifty men including an armored platoon. They defend their positions managing to destr oy two tanks and killing most of the German soldiers. However, they lose many men including Horvath, Melish and Jackson. Miller is shot and mortally injured while trying to blow up the bridge just before American planes destroys the bridge. Miller later dies in Ryan’s arms. Reiben, Upham and Ryan are the only survivors and are rescued by the American infantry. The movie ends in present day where together with his family and an old World War Two veteran, Ryan visits the war cemetery and insist that the sacrifice made by the soldiers was not in vain and finally salutes Millers grave. â€Å"Border†, produced and directed by J.P. Dutta is a war epic from Bollywood on the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. It is specifically set during the Longewalan battle. It stipulates how 120 soldiers of the Indian army defended their position from a whole Pakistani army tank regiment. It commences just after the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry Coursework

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry - Coursework Example Production of scotch whiskey has adversely been affected by declining revenues and slow growth for the past 5 years. This is attributable to declining per capita consumption of spirits, health and societal concerns about the misuse of alcohol and tough competition from its close substitutes. One of the major drivers of growth was the exports before the onset of the financial crisis, which slowed down the markets in US and Europe. Effects of global restructuring and cost-cutting measures on the Scotch whisky industry Diageo, as part of its restructuring plan reported that it would close down its Port Dundas grain whisky distillery and the Kilmarnock bottling plant. The latter is where the world’s most popular Scotch whisky, Johnnie Walker, had been bottled. This would cost about 710 jobs. Diageo also intend to expand its Leven plant and create about 400 jobs. A protest ensued from the stakeholders but the decision was ultimately undertaken by Diageo. Another whisky producer Why te & Mackay cut 85 jobs in Scotland. These signal decisions by producers to shift bottling overseas due to increased costs and the emerging economies, which have become important markets. Shifting production processes offshore will have an impact on production of other spirits in Scotland, which rely on the economies of scale by large-scale whisky distilling and bottling to remain operational. Analysis of Scotch whisky in terms of market segmentation . In 2008, Scotch whisky was overtaken by vodka as the highest selling spirit in the UK. However it is easily the most popular UK spirit exports with revenues of ?3.0 billion in 2009. Under the UK law, Scotch whisky must be produced in Scotland. It divided into 3 major types: single grain, single malt or blended. When blended, Scotch comprises 60 percent to 85 percent grain whisky. Its alcohol content ranges from 40 percent to 95 percent by volume. The Scotch whisky industry directly employs about 10,000 people at over 100 distilleries in Scotland. Famous Grouse and Bell’s are the top brands of blended Scotch whisky in the UK. Imported whiskies account for only 4.0 per cent of spirits sales. Included in this category are Irish whiskey, US and Canadian whiskey and Indian whisky. US-produced corn whiskey (bourbon) has demonstrated solid growth in the United Kingdom, particularly among younger drinkers. Markets for Scotch whisky industry Scotch whisky accounts for majority of the exports, followed by vodka and gin. By the year 2011-12, it is expected that exports will account for 88 percent of industry revenue. Scotch whisky’s major export markets are the US, France, Spain, Singapore and South Korea. India and China are becoming increasing important too. Business and production locations for Scotch whiskey There are four major producing regions in Scotland: the Highlands, the Lowlands, Islay and Campbeltown, Speyside is home to more than half of the distilleries in the UK. Scotland also accounts for mos t of the production of spirits other than whisky, including vodka, gin, rum and ready-to-drink beverages. Combining existing production facilities, bottling capacity and distribution channels with production of other spirits provides tremendous economies of scale for spirits producers. In the past two years, more than ?500 million has been spent on new infrastructure in the region. Key Success Factors of the Scotch whisky industry The most important Key Success Facto

Monday, September 23, 2019

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Marketing Management - Essay Example Since opening its first store in Bugis Junction in Singapore, BreadTalk has greatly transformed the bread industry. In the recent past, Breadtalk has been focusing on events that aim at maximizing brand awareness. This has led to increased popularity of the company such that it was ranked as the best company in Bakery Category for Top Brand 2010 in Indonesia3. BreadTalk outlets are located in places that are easily accessible characterized by high pedestrian traffic flow. This acts as a marketing strategy since customers can purchase products as they walk by4. Additionally, most outlet are located close to public transport systems for instance bus terminals, Light Rail, and Mass Rapid Transit stations. Another product position strategy is locating some outlets near popular department stores and supermarkets5 Books , Hephaestus. Articles on Singaporean Cuisine, Including: Singapore Sling, Breadtalk, Bengawan Solo (Company), Koka Noodles, YA Kun Kaya Toast, Yeo Hiap Seng, Bee Cheng Hiang, Fragrance Foodstuff, Tee Yih Jia, Spring Home, Happy Belly, Master Chef. New York: Hephaestus Books,

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Cultural Context Essay Example for Free

Cultural Context Essay Even though construction is usually considered as originally the activity of men and machines in digging, moving, shaping, erecting, and so forth, the relative use of building materials by the construction industry far exceeds its share in the gross domestic product. Specifically is construction of great significance for that special class of materials sometimes called as the â€Å"physical-structure† materials, which made major things of human civilization. Out of these â€Å"physical-structure† materials the more or less long-lasting and reliably shaped are wood and concrete. They are basic building materials for thin-shell roof construction, walls, tanks, large-diameter pipes, runways, highway bridges and many other structures. Main Body Concrete is related to the most significant building technologies in twentieth and the early twenty first century. However, other important building materials, such as wood, also figure in the construction picture. The poured method of concrete building has been so improved that buildings of this material are now erected as rapidly as a wood structure. Engineering departments all over the world are now prepared to assist engineers, architects and builders to apply concrete and wood to their construction work. Increasingly in the beginning of the twentieth century, when builders were asked how they should build the foundation possessing good physical strength, their answer was concrete. Either by placing the steel frame upon concrete foundations or by placing it upon a more spacious concrete raft foundation, architectural constructors in most cases complement steel with concrete as a problem-solving building material. By reinforcing concrete with steel rods, or by using steel machinery to form concrete blocks as prefabricated building blocks, builders further diversified their architectural techniques. The most approved composition of concrete for general construction consists of a mixture of broken limestone, granite or clean screened mixture of rock fragments, clean coarse sand and cement, in such proportions that the voids between the stone are completely filled by the sand and the voids in the sand completely filled with cement, with a slight excess of cement to guarantee a perfect connection with the stone. To create top-quality concrete, manufacturers need equally high-grade cement. By 1900 approximately three-quarters of that material was Portland cement, named after the tiny island of Portland in the U. K. where a desirable limestone used in its manufacture was descovered. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, from Leeds, was the first to provide the world with Portland cement, but after 1872 the material was produced in the United States and its popularity spread rapidly (Collins, 1998). At the 1876 Philadelphia Exhibition, American Portland cement was displayed to the public as a useful and practical building material, but production only began in earnest in 1880 and domestic cement only began to overtake European imports in 1897, by which time American machinery for crushing aggregate and making concrete had also begun to substitute European machines, even in Europe itself (American Exporter, 1906, 58 (3), pp. 79-87). Wood structures can be constructed more quickly and inexpensively than other kinds. Wood still is used for finish flooring in the living areas of about four out of five homes, although plastic tiles and other materials are gaining ground. Flooring generally involves both the visible flooring and a subflooring. Most frame houses utilize boards for subflooring, but plywood is gaining ground. In buildings which use concrete beams, concrete flooring slabs are generally poured right along with the beams. Steel structures may be floored with poured concrete or with precast concrete or gypsum slabs. Roofs of houses, which have a timber framework and cladding, are likely to have as the foundation wooden board, plywood, or composition planking. However, the current general tendency in home building toward flat, or low-pitched, roofs has led to a partial shift from tile, wood, and asbestos tiles to concrete materials and poured concrete. Because of its important role in residential buildings, wood does only slightly less well than concrete. Although its relative cost has increased with time, it is still the most popular building material all over the world. The open-grained wood of any of numerous coniferous trees, such as pine and cedar, as distinguished from that of a dicotyledonous tree, enters the English home as framing, siding, shingles, finishing panels, sash, millwork, and boarding, used to cover the wall studding or roof joists of a timber frame; the wood of any of numerous broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees, such as oak, beech, ash, etc. principally as flooring, material used for making panels, and trim. In non-residential buildings, wood is put to practice as the most widely used building material for concrete formwork, railroad ties, telephone poles, railings, fences, and many other purposes (BLAIRSLTD). The chief advantages of wood in construction industry include its ease of production and of process by which wood is packaged and transported, its low thermal conductivity, and its strength-to-weight ratio (which is greater than that of cast iron and is identical to that of the stronger concretes) (Rowell 9). Yet, because of its peculiar weaknesses as an organic material, such as vulnerability to fungi and various insects, its relative lack of versatility in terms of design, and its long-term rise in price in comparison with concrete, the relative role of wood as a building material may to some degree decrease in the future, and further replacement may be projected. If considered as a structural material in large building construction, wood has already been largely replaced by concrete framing, brick or concrete walls, and concrete floors. This trend will probably continue in the future. On the other part, wood framing probably will retain its dominating position in the residential building, although giving way a bit to steel, concrete, perhaps aluminium, and sandwich panel method of building. The advantages of metal roof frameworks are gradually reducing the amount of wood required for roof structures. Moreover, for exterior trimming wood is being increasingly substituted by brick exterior and by panels of such building materials as asbestos, metal, and organic materials with a polymeric structure. Dry wall building and the utilisation of gypsum plasterboard and of metal lath are also considerably lessening the need for wood. The most important role for wood is probably in finished flooring, but there are modern trends toward replacement of composition and various types of synthetic materials even in living areas. Wood, like steel, is yielding to aluminum as the leading building material for window frames, door frames, doorways, trim, and other such purposes. In concrete building the formwork is tending change from wood to steel and plywood and also to plastics. Growing popularity of plywood and of laminated structural members may slow down the trend away from wood. Laminated wood arches, structural frameworks of wood, and roof systems have proved appropriate for spanning distances up to 120 feet, and, because of their attractive and pleasant appearance, are today in frequent use in the building of churches and temples, buildings for public gatherings or meetings, shopping areas, and the similar places. Plywood, which to some degree possesses more physical strength than lumber, may replace lumber in almost any of its uses; it is already extensively used in subflooring, boarding, interior panelling, concrete forms, and so forth. Thus, it may be expected to grow in total use at almost twice the rate predicted for lumber. Use of concrete in building is constantly increasing today. It is a changeable mixture of portland cement, fine aggregates (almost always sand), and coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, cinder, slag, or whatever else is available within a particular area). The proportions of these ingredients are influenced by the particular use to which the concrete is to be intended, but they are at most times 1:2:4. As can be seen, cement is the minor component in this mixture. The fact that concrete is the most extensively used building material can be explained by its advantages related to wood among which are versatility, its high breaking strength relative to bricks and other kinds of masonry materials, the low price which makes it comparatively inexpensive material relative to structural steel, and in essence the presence of concrete components almost in all areas (Classic Encyclopaedia). The main uses of concrete in England are in dams, water tanks, pipes and sewers, heavy walls, piers, caissons, columns, and road and sidewalk pavements. In addition, concrete is utilised in the form of units cast in a particular form before being used in building, such as concrete blocks and cast stone, whose principal advantage over wood, brick, and structural tile is that they are costing relatively little. Because of the low flexural strength of concrete, it is combined with steel in most of its construction applications (Classic Encyclopaedia). This combination is made possible by the match of coefficients of thermal expansion of these materials. The amount of reinforcing steel rods, wire, wire-mesh, and so forth needed for a concrete structure is only one-third to one-half the amount needed for a similar completely steel structure. In England, the possibilities of this technique of construction are just beginning to extend its use beyond massive complex constructions. The chief disadvantages of reinforced concrete (also known as ferroconcrete or armoured concrete) in comparison with structural steel are the time and costs of construction, even if one takes account of the applying paints to the surface of steel members and their trimming. It is costly to build and remove forms, shores, and temporary metal or wooden frameworks. Most of the developments, which been made not long ago, in methods of concrete building are somehow related to reducing expense on forms, First, as an alternative to the traditional lumber and plywood, steel and more recently, plastic with fibrous matter to confer additional strength forms have been experimented. Plastics are especially showing great promise, in view of the fact that they are smooth and easily utilised, able to keep water, may be given extraordinary shapes, and may be use again and again from fifteen to twenty times. Second, â€Å"slip-form† pavers have been successfully employed in laying road pavements (Green 1-2). Third, precasting of concrete members has been used as a mass production technique and to provide solid and robust in construction, more unchanging in form concrete, but presents some transportation problems. Fourthly, so-called tilt-up construction and lift-slab construction has permitted walls, floors, and columns to be poured on a horizontal surface and then either tilted or lifted into place. Finally, able to be used more than once, adjustable length steel trusses have removed the need for the multiple strengthening which differently has to be placed under the conventional built-up forms. The faster such form-saving processes are improved and used by engineers and constructors, the faster steel concrete is likely to be used as a structural material. One more limitation of usual concrete is its low heat insulation value. That is why concrete walls are occasionally of a non-load bearing, sandwich type, being composed of a layer of insulating material cast between two concrete slabs. In this application, concrete is to a serious degree threatened by other types of curtain walls, including various types of sandwiches. Alternative way to give concrete protecting properties is to make it with relatively light weight aggregates – such as vermiculite, expanded clay, and so forth. In this form, it not any more has sufficient quality of being physically strong to be used for load bearing purposes, although it has been very well utilised in long-span roof building. Prestressed concrete has gotten great significance as a building material. The basic characteristic of prestressed concrete is that, by compressing concrete and keeping it under compression, the tensile stresses caused by loads are neutralized (CEMENT). The compression is accomplished by casting the concrete around stretched rods or cables, the tension on which is released as the concrete sets. A prestressed beam needs only one-fourth the weight of the steel and one-half the weight of concrete which is needed to support the same load by a usual reinforced concrete member. Although it was patented by a San Francisco engineer in 1886, prestressed concrete did not emerge as an accepted and effective building material until a half-century later. Since then it had been intensively used in Europe for structural purposes. Up to the present moment, prestressed concrete’s applications have been limited mostly to pipes, tanks, runways, and from time to time highway bridges. As engineers and constructors gain experience and manage to reduce the manufacturing expenses, prestressing may become competitive with steel and with reinforced concrete building. After weighing up all the factors, the trend is more toward a substitution of concrete for other building materials than of other building materials for concrete. The use of portland cement which is made by heating a slurry of clay and crushed chalk should more than double in the next decades, may presumably triple, and at its lowest is expected to become greater by at least one-third.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Evolution of Environmental Policies and Agreements 1971-2011

Evolution of Environmental Policies and Agreements 1971-2011 The energy use (EN) and its integration property vary under the influence of different factors. Among various elements such as abundance of energy resources and energy intensity, the environmental policy is the factor that has had increasing effects on the EN. The energy sector and environmental concerns are inherently interdependent and policies in one sector have direct impact on the other. This appendix very briefly reviews the evolution of world environmental agreements and policies during the period of our study.[1] The world environmental system has undergone a significant development in the course of past four decades. It has especially improved by the public recognition of the environment as a vital concern of humankind and adoption of numerous Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). The seminal step was the first United Nation conference on the environment, which was held in Stockholm in 1972. It created a momentum in drawing the public attention to the environmental issues and commitment for taking action. During the last forty years, the MEAs and policies on the environmental issues have evolved in several dimensions while there has almost been continuity in terms of principles. First, there has been a gradual development of the MEAs on environmental protection, with adoption of a large number of conventions and treaties. Nevertheless, after the 1992 Rio Earth Summit the attention shifted more from institution building to implementation, consolidation, and compliance. Yet, majority of conventions, especially at the early stage, have theme, sector, or territory approach, which resulting in treaties overlap or clash. Besides the treaty congestion caused by separate negotiation fora, secretariats and funding mechanism, most of conventions fail to effectively integrate environment standards into other policy areas. It remains one of the most pressing challenges of policy makers’ to design policies that may reconcile interdependencies of pursuing competitive economic growth, social concerns, sustainability, and environmental protection. The second dimension is characterized by recognition of the environment as public global goods. As it is manifested in the Stockholm Declaration, protection of the environment is beyond the interest of the individual countries or specific reciprocal relations and should be respected as part of the public interest of world community. However, there are important differences in understanding of countries on some fundamental concepts like sustainable use of natural resources and sustainable development. The industrialized countries in one hand and the developing countries on the other hand have different views on the policies and measures to adopt, type of commitments to take, and how to share responsibilities. More interestingly, even approaches and policies of industrialized countries, e.g. US and EU members, are significantly different. While the US is traditionally inclined to rely on market mechanism and private sector, the EU, as a leading global player that has some of the worldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s highest environmental standards, tends to act more actively and initiate progressive policy responds. The third trend that can be distinguished is the increasing role of civil society and private sector in MEAs and environmental policy making at national and international levels. In the recent decades there have been significant moves in the societies to call for more transparency, more social conscience and more compliance with the environmental agreements. The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), as the representatives of civil society, have been increasingly active at national and international levels. Their participation has influenced negotiating, implementing, monitoring and enforcing MEAs. At the same time, there have been pressures from governments, NGOs, and business community leaders to ensure that private sector takes greater accountability and responsibility for its actions. Therefore, in the recent decades, the public policy process has been moving toward more interactive models, where public entities seek to develop partnership with the private sector to manage comple x policy challenges. A famous example of this partnership is the â€Å"green economy†, which is deemed as one of important tools available for achieving sustainable development. Forth, it is generally accepted that science is the best way to evaluate the environmental risks and examine the adverse impacts of human activities. Thus, science and scientific evidence have been increasingly becoming more important in the process of environmental policy making. However, there is no consensus on how to apply the scientific evidence into environmental standards. The integration of science into environmental policies and governance even become more controversial when countries choose contradictory approaches in interpreting the scientific evidence according to their own interest. The different approaches in interpretation of scientific evidence shows science cannot be a good substitute for a liable policy response. Science is only expected to present unbiased and transparent evidence and ensure that policy makers are fully aware of all potential risks. Although MEAs has been significantly developed with adoption of a large number of conventions and treaties, the current international governance system cannot guarantee that all states at the global level will be willing and able to comply and respect the agreed international environmental standards. It urges to improve the quality and effectiveness of global environmental governance. Undoubtedly, it is a challenging and contentious task since there are areas that directly touch the sovereignty of states in managing their natural resources and pursuing their development strategies. To circumvent these concerns, there should be a new move to devise and develop the concept of â€Å"responsible sovereignty†. The concept of â€Å"environmentally responsible sovereignty† can urge states to use their powers in a way that are more aligned with the general interest of the international community and help to protect the global environment. References Hey, C. (2006). EU Environmental Policies: A short history of the policy strategies. In European Union Environmental Policy Handbook: A Critical Analysis of EU Environmental Legislation; Scheuer, S., Ed.; European Environmental Bureau: Utrecht. Bakker, C. and Francioni, F (2014). The Evolution of the Global Environmental System: Trends and Prospects. in The EU, the US and Global Climate Governance; Bakker, C. and Francioni, Eds; Ashgate Publishing. Orlando, E. (2014). The Evolution of EU Policy and Law in the Environmental Field: Achievements and Current Challenges; in The EU, the US and Global Climate Governance; Bakker, C. and Francioni, Eds; Ashgate Publishing. Baker, Susan (2002). The Evolution of European Union Environmental Policy. From Growth to Sustainable Development?, in Susan Baker et al. (eds.), The Politics of Sustainable Development. Theory, policy and practice within the European Union, London, Rutledge, p. 91-106. Von Homeyer, Igmar, (2009), â€Å"The Evolution of EU Environmental Governance†, in Joanne Scott, ed., Environmental Protection. European Law and Governance, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 1-26. [1] This part is heavily adapted from Bakker and Francioni ( 2014).

Friday, September 20, 2019

Tranformational Leadership And Mahatma Ghandi

Tranformational Leadership And Mahatma Ghandi According to Yukl (2010), leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. To put it simply leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. The leader is the inspiration. He/she is the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and skills that make others want to follow his/her direction. Gandhi tells us a tale of how a person can make a difference. The movie describes how he changes the perspective of people and creates a revolutionary change. He was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He led the non-violence resistance movement against the British colonial rule in India during the first half of the twentieth century. He pioneered Satyagraha which is defined as the resistance to oppression through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total non-violence. This concept not only helped India gain independence but also inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Known as Mahatma (great soul), Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered as the father of the nation. His doctrine of non-violent protests, through his weapons of truth and love to achieve political and social progress has been largely influential to leaders across the world. (BBC on Gandhi) The following section deals with several leadership theories that can be used to explain Gandhis leadership style as portrayed in the movie (Gandhi, 1982). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY According to Bass (1985, 1996), the leader transforms and motivates followers by making them more aware of the importance of task outcomes, inducing them to transcend their own self interest for the sake of the organization or team, and activating their higher order needs. (Yukl, 2010) Transformational leadership increases follower motivation and performance. The extent, to which a leader is transformational, is measured in terms of his influence on the followers. The followers of such a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader and because of these qualities of the transformational leader are willing to work harder than originally expected. These outcomes occur because the transformational leader offers followers something more than just working for self gain; they provide followers with an inspiring mission and vision, and provide them an identity. The leader creates positive change in the followers and induces people to be aware of what they feel to feel their true needs so strongly, to define their values so meaningfully, that they can be moved to purposeful action. In this leadership style, the leader also enhances the motivation, performance and morale of his follower group. Gandhi demonstrated transformational leadership. His followers were influenced by his drastic method of nonviolent protests and he instilled trust, loyalty, admiration and respect amongst his followers. He also transformed his followers in a literal sense changed them in mind and heart, enlarged vision and clarified purposes to make behaviour congruent with his beliefs, principles and values. Bass (1996) further described four types of transformational leadership behaviour Idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation. Types of transformational leadership behaviour in context to the movie Transformational Style Meaning Relation to the movie Idealized influence Arouse strong follower emotions and identification with the leader. Setting an example of courage and dedication, and making self sacrifices to benefit the followers. Gandhi talked about truth and love and preached the same through his non-violence resistance movements such as satyagraha and non-cooperation. Sacrifices like time away from family and long fasting periods for social protest. Intellectual stimulation Behaviour that increases follower awareness of problems and influences followers to view problems from a new perspective. Gandhi held several meetings to talk about the issues faced by people and the importance of following his values to fight for the countrys independence. He also ensured that his beliefs were followed in the manner as he preached. Individualized consideration Involves communicating personal respect to followers by providing support, encouragement and coaching. Gandhi was interactive, spoke to everyone and knew what was happening in their lives. Got involved with everyone and made them feel important by providing support whenever possible. Inspirational motivation Inspiring and empowering followers to enthusiastically accept and pursue challenging goals and missions. Gandhi inspired his followers through his principles and protests for which he was also sent to prison on various occasions. He was determined that his beliefs would finally attain swaraj (independence). Two key effects that transformational leaders achieve are to evoke strong emotions and cause identification of the followers with the leader. Mahatma Gandhi is a great example of a transformational leader because of his contribution not just to his country but to social thinking around the world that inspired many other different world leaders. Gandhi is considered as one of the few individuals who embodied the ideals of a transformational leader. SERVANT LEADERSHIP THEORY Servant leadership is primarily about helping people and fostering a relationship of trust and cooperation. Servant leaders must listen to followers; learn about their needs and aspirations, stand for what is good and right, oppose social injustice and inequality, must respect and appreciate the weak and marginal members of society and also empower followers instead of using power to dominate them. Greenleaf (1977) proposed that service to followers is the primary responsibility of leaders. The servant leader is a servant first. It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Another important quality of a servant leader is the ability to accept his people unconditionally. It is creative as it stems from a genuine concern for the people rather than external motivations such as the need for power. It also leads to larger issues as it ultimately leads to a desire to serve the society at large. A servant leader is motivated, not by a desire to control others, but by a desire to help them realize their dignity and power. Gandhi preached non-violence and dedicated his life to the achievement of a better life for the downtrodden. He served as a catalyst and example, providing vision and inspiring hope. He empowered the masses to march to the sea to make salt. In doing so they demonstrated their capacity for self governance and impressed upon history a very powerful image. One of the key qualities of the true servant leader is that he is chosen by the people. When Gandhi was returning to India after the conclusion of the case for which he had gone to South Africa, he was given a farewell party. Over there, he expressed his concerns for the bill that was then before the House of Legislature that sought to deprive Indians of their franchise. Before he quite knew it, he had been elected by the people to stay on and fight for their rights. This was the beginning of his mission to serve humanity Servant leaders transform people and bring out what they themselves dont suspect is in them. Gandhi did the same with the Indian masses during their struggle for independence. Gandhi also stated that service to the poor has been my hearts desire and it has always thrown me amongst the poor and enabled me to identify myself with them. Hence we can say that Gandhi was the quintessential servant leader. Key values of a servant leader with examples from the movie- Integrity Gandhi always communicated in an open and honest way. He only preached what he practiced himself and which were consistent with his values. He admitted and accepted responsibility for mistakes and never attempted to manipulate or deceive people. For example Gandhi swore to speak the truth and advocated others to do the same. Altruism Gandhi was willing to make sacrifices to protect and benefit others and always put the needs of others ahead of his own needs. For instance his hunger strike for activities which he believed were wrong such as riots between Hindus and Muslims, his march to the sea to make salt as he believed the British Empires monopoly of salt was wrong. Humility Gandhi always treated others with respect, avoided status symbols and special privileges and was always modest about his achievements. For illustration he respected his colleagues as well as people from all castes and creed. Despite being proclaimed a leader by the masses he always emphasized that he was not a leader and lived in modesty in a village in India with only the basic essentials required by a human being. He also spun the cloth that he wore which was the khadi. Empathy and healing Gandhi helped others cope with emotional distress, encouraged forgiveness and reconciliation after a conflict and acted as a peacemaker. For example upon his return to India he travelled various regions of the country and met with a lot of villagers who were suppressed by the landlords, given measly compensation and lived in extreme poverty. He heard their stories and provided them courage to protest against the landlords for which he was sent to prison also. Also to act as a peacemaker for the religious tensions within the country he stated that I am a Muslim and a Hindu and a Christian and a Jew and so are all of you. Fairness and justice Gandhi encouraged and supported the fair treatment of people, spoke against unjust and unfair policies and opposed violations of civil rights. For instance when he realized that the laws in South Africa were biased against the Indians, he decided to start a non-violent protest campaign to obtain basic rights for all Indians. He quoted that The function of a civil resistance is to provoke response and we will continue to provoke until they respond or change the law. They are not in control; we are. The government finally relented by recognizing rights for Indians. DEVELOPMENT OF A LEADER Leadership can be learnt unlike the trait theory which states that leaders are born with certain characteristics that make them a leader. The development of Gandhi as a leader explains how people or environments affect the actions of leaders. Gandhi was not a leader by birth, he developed the skills required to be an effective leader. In the movie it is very explicitly clear that Gandhi learnt and developed his leadership skills in South Africa and honed them in India. He had a feeling for his followers, but he developed tools and methods to become an effective leader over time. He had rock solid values from which his activities stemmed, and he had a totally interdependent relation with his followers.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Poulenc :: essays research papers

Francis Poulenc was born in Paris, France on January 7, 1899 into a well–to–do family. His father, Emile Poulenc, was one of the directors of the pharmaceutical firm Rhone-Poulenc. Never one to be without money, Poulenc’s composing was often viewed as more of a hobby than a necessity. Poulenc never studied at the famed Paris Conservatory or any other musical institution, which later made it difficult for him to be accepted by his peers. Poulenc studied piano with Ricardo Vines and composition with Charles Koechlin, although this study was limited and Poulenc was considered to be primarily a self-taught composer. During the 1920s, Poulenc became associated with a group known as Les Six that included Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Germaine Tailleferre, and Georges Auric (the Les Six received their name after being compared to Russia’s Big Five). Although these composers did not represent a particular school of music, they favored jazz and music hall styles and opposed the romantic and formal style of previous French composers including Claude Debussy. Poulenc, himself, was inspired by Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud and Erik Satie as well as Maurice Chevalier and French vaudeville. While in his early 20’s, Poulenc began to have great success as a composer in several genres: orchestral, chamber music, ballets, concertos, film scores, and opera, as well as powerful choral and sacred music. During the 1930’s, he rediscovered his Catholic faith and began writing religious music, establishing himself as one of the great religious and choral music writers of the century. He endured the German occupation of Paris during WWII, which gave rise to his most impassioned and difficult work Figure Humaine, or The Face of Man, which was a covert work of protest. Some of his other major religious works include his Mass in G (1937), Stabat Mater (1950), and Gloria (1959). He also wrote the religious opera The Dialogues of the Carmelites (1957) and a one-act tragedy for soprano, The Human Voice (1959). The concert I attended, entitled Poulenc:Piano and Wind, contained three pieces of music composed by Francis Poulenc: Sonata for the Clarinet and Bassoon (1922), Trio for the Piano, Oboe, and Bassoon (1926), and Sextet for the Piano, Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, and Horn (1932-39). All three pieces, although different in their content and composition, contained a similar element common to most of Poulenc’s secular music. The main focus of each composition was its melody.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Zarathustra by Me :: essays research papers

Zarathustra by Me Published 1895 translation by Gerardo Published 1999 ________________________________________ PREFACE This book belongs to the most rare of men. Perhaps not one of them is yet alive. It is possible that they may be among those who understand my \\"Zarathustra\\": how could I confound myself with those who are now sprouting ears?--First the day after tomorrow must come for me. Some men are born posthumously. The conditions under which any one understands me, and necessarily understands me--I know them only too well. Even to endure my seriousness, my passion, he must carry intellectual integrity to the verge of hardness. He must be accustomed to living on mountain tops--and to looking upon the wretched gabble of politics and nationalism as beneath him. He must have become indifferent; he must never ask of the truth whether it brings profit to him or a fatality to him... He must have an inclination, born of strength, for questions that no one has the courage for; the courage for the forbidden; predestination for the labyrinth. The experience of seven solitudes. New ears for new music. New eyes for what is most distant. A new conscience for truths that have hitherto remained unheard. And the will to economize in the grand manner--to hold together his strength, his enthusiasm...Reverence for self; love of self; absolute freedom of self..... Very well, then! of that sort only are my readers, my true readers, my readers foreordained: of what account are the rest?--The rest are merely humanity.--One must make one\\'s self superior to humanity, in power, in loftiness of soul,--in contempt. FRIEDRICH W. NIETZSCHE. 1. --Let us look each other in the face. We are Hyperboreans--we know well enough how remote our place is. \\"Neither by land nor by water will you find the road to the Hyperboreans\\": even Pindar1,in his day, knew that much about us. Beyond the North, beyond the ice, beyond death--our life, our happiness...We have discovered that happiness; we know the way; we got our knowledge of it from thousands of years in the labyrinth. Who else has found it?--The man of today?--\\"I don\\'t know either the way out or the way in; I am whatever doesn\\'t know either the way out or the way in\\"--so sighs the man of today...This is the sort of modernity that made us ill,--we sickened on lazy peace, cowardly compromise, the whole virtuous dirtiness of the modern Yea and Nay. This tolerance and largeur of the heart that \\"forgives\\" everything because it \\"understands\\" everything is a sirocco to us.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Drug Addiction Essay

Drug addiction is a dependence on an illegal drug or medication. Many people confuse it with drug dependency, which is when a person needs a drug to function normally. The difference between drug addiction and drug dependence is drug dependence is when a person needs a drug to function normally, like some blood pressure medications can cause a physical dependence, but the person is not addicted to the drug. A person can have a physical dependence, but not be addicted. Many scientist believe that drug addiction is a brain disease, and this disease causes compulsive drug-seeking and use, despite the consequences that person may suffer. Taking a drug causes surges in your brain of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and transfers that impulse to another nerve fiber or some other structure. A â€Å"messenger of the brain. † Dopamine is in the mood-changing category of neurotransmitters. When dopamine surges in your brain, it causes immense pleasure. Your brain remembers this and wants more, and you are addicted. Dopamine is the reason some people over eat and are obese, and people are addicted to alcohol and drugs. Biological history of addiction, abuse or other scaring experiences in early childhood, mental disorders (such as depression) and early use of a drug are the reason some people get addicted, while others don’t. Many people start using drugs out of curiosity, to have a good time, their friends do it, to improve athletic performance or to ease stress, anxiety or depression. Signs of drug addiction are when a person is neglecting their responsibilities, depression, drowsiness, poor memory. Teen drug addictions symptoms may be problems at school, physical health issues, neglected appearance, changes in behavior and / or spending money. All different types of drugs have different symptoms. Marijuana symptoms are red eyes, decreased coordination, poor memory, increased appetite, difficulty concentrating and slowed reaction time. Barbiturates and benzodiazepine symptoms include dizziness, slurred speech, confusion and slowed breathing and increased blood ressured. Cocaine and other stimulant use symptoms are decreased appetite, rapid speech, irritability, weight loss, restlessness, and increased heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. â€Å"Club Drug† signs are exaggerated happiness or well-being, reduced inhabitations, heightened or changed sense of sight, sound and taste and drowsiness or loss of consciousness. Hallucinogens, which I think are the scariest, can cause hallucinations, tremors, permanent mental changes in perception and flash-backs to the hallucinations, even years and years later. Marijuana is the most popular drug that people are addicted to. The use of marijuana has more than tripled among 18-20 year olds since 1984. And the addiction age for marijuana is getting younger. Of Americans ages 12 and older an estimated 41% have smoked marijuana at least once. Around 16% people in the U. S smoke marijuana on a daily basis. Many people believe that â€Å"weed† isn’t addictive or harmful, but the truth it is addictive and harmful. There is an estimated 16 million drug users in America. Of the 5. million marijuana smokers in America, more that 62% are addicted. Of teenagers in treatment, 60% have primary marijuana diagnosis. Emergency Room visits caused by marijuana since 1994 has risen 176%, and now surpass visits caused by heroin. And marijuana is also harmful because it is a proven fact that marijuana and violence are linked. People who smoke marijuana weekly are four times more likely to engage in violent activity. Marijuana is a gateway drug. Of d rug abusers, 99% start by smoking marijuana. People who smoke marijuana are eight times more likely to have used cocaine, 15 times more likely to have used heroin and 5 times more likely to develop a need for treatment. Cigarettes also pose a huge problem. The estimated world’s population is 6. 5 billion, and of that, more than 1. 3 billion people (about 1/5 the world’s population) smoke tobacco cigarettes regularly. Tobacco contains a very addictive and dangerous drug called nicotine. Nicotine in through the lungs into the bloodstream, then into the brain, making the smoker feel relaxed yet alert. Nicotine is the reason 7 out of 10 smokers want to quit, but can’t, because they are addicted to the nicotine. Scientists believe by 2050, 400-500 million more people will smoke cigarettes. That’s a scary thought, considering that right now 1,200 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses. For women who are addicted to a drug, it increases risk for anemia, blood, heart and skin infections and hepatitis. It also increases the risk of STDs. It is dangerous for a pregnant woman to use drugs because most drugs cross the placenta, and cause direct toxic/poisons effects and the child can be born with a drug addiction. The use of marijuana during pregnancy is linked to behavioral problems in the child. The use of cocaine during pregnancy can bring on premature delivery, or stillborn. Many people believe that overcoming drug addiction is just a matter of will power, but the truth is drug addictions alters the brain in ways that create powerful cravings and compulsion to use that drug. Drug addiction is a scary thing, and many people believe that once you are addicted, you can never recover because it is a brain disease. Yes, it’s a brain disease, but you can recover.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Guidelines Research Paper

GUIDLINES? FOR? WRITING? A? RESEARCH? PAPER? ? ? RESEARCH? (Where? to? find? primary? and? secondary? material)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Evaluate? sources? you? find? according? to? authority,? accuracy,? and? currency.? ? ? PLAGIARISM? (How? not? to? use? research? material)? ? University? of? Innsbruck? library? (ALEPH? library? catalogue)? Humanities? library? (Bruno? Sander? Haus,? ground? floor)? Databases:? Many? databases? can? only? be? accessed? via? the? university? network.? Use? a? computer? at? the? university? or? install? a? VPN? client? to? log? on? to? the? system.? You? find? the? portal? to? access? databases? on? the? university? ibrary? website:? http://ub. uibk. ac. at.? Some? databases? provide? full? text? material,? others? provide? sources? for? articles? and? books? which? you? have? to? cross? check? with? the? library? holdings.? The? most? important? databases? for? research? in? American? Studies? are:? o MLA? International? Bibliography? o Metalib? o JSTOR? o Ac ademic? Search? Premier? (via? EBSCO? host)? o Contemporary? Authors? o Literature? Online? o Periodicals? Index? Online? Video? Archive:? The? Department? of? American? Studies? has? its? own? video? archive? where? DVDs? and? videos? can? be? checked? out? free.? Check? the? department’s? ebsite? for? more? information.? Internet:? Well? used,? the? Internet? can? be? a? great? source? for? your? research.? However,? always? double? check? the? quality? of? websites,? the? provider,? and? the? author’s? expertise? and? authority.? The? rule? of? thumb? is:? If? you? cannot? find? all? the? information? you? need? for? a? complete? and? decent? bibliographic? entry,? it? is? not? a? source? worth? using.? Plagiarism? is? the? use? of? other? people’s? research? achievements? or? ideas? and? passing? them? on? as? your? own? or? using? them? without? proper? acknowledgement.? Sources? must? be? provided? for? direct? quotes,? ummaries,? and? paraphrases? of? oth er? people’s? work? or? ideas.? For? details? on? how? to? avoid? plagiarism? see? chapter? 2? of? the? MLA? Handbook.? Course? instructors? have? access? to? tools? that? reveal? plagiarism.? Students? who? plagiarize? will? be? failed. ? ? TOPIC/THESIS? (What? your? paper? should? focus? on)? ? Before? you? start? writing:? ? Find? a? topic? ? Choose? a? focus? ? Phrase? a? research? question? ? Phrase? your? thesis? statement? (which? should? be? included? in? your? introduction)? Information? that? is? not? important? for? your? thesis? statement? does? not? belong? in? your? paper.? Therefore,? void? lengthy? information? about? authors,? plots,? characters,? periods,? genres,? etc.? Focus? on? information? that? answers? your? research? question(s)? and? that? is? essential? to? prove? your? thesis? statement.? ? ? FORMAT? (What? you? paper? should? look? like? when? you? hand? it? in)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? c.? schwarz? Din? A4? format? double? spaced? (everything,? includin g? footnotes? and? bibliography)? margins? (standard? margins,? i. e.? 2. 5? cm? on? each? side) font? size:? 12? page? numbers? on? the? top? or? bottom? of? each? page,? preceded? by? your? last? name? The? length? of? papers? required? may? vary? and? is? efined? by? your? course? instructor.? General? guidelines? are? 10? 15? pages? (3,000? 5,000? words)? for? proseminar? papers,? 15? 20? pages? (5,000? 7,000? words)? for? seminar? papers,? and? 80? 120? pages? (26,000? 40,000? words)? for? diploma? theses.? Before? you? start? writing,? make? sure? o your? word? processing? program? is? switched? to? â€Å"English†? (in? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Language†;? this? way? quotation? marks? will? appear? correctly? as? â€Å"textâ€Å"? instead? of? „textâ€Å")? 1? ? o o the? spell? checker? is? switched? on? (in? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Spelling? and? Grammar†? and? then? â€Å"Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )? German? auto? orrections? are? disabled,? e. g.? Word? often? auto? corrects? â€Å"its†? to? â€Å"ist†? (to? edit? this? function? enter? menu? item? â€Å"Extras†? and? â€Å"Auto? Corrections†? and? delete? the? entry? from? the? list)? ? When? you? hand? in? papers,? the? sheets? should? be? pinned? together? with? a? paperclip? or? simply? put? into? a? file? jacket.? Do? NOT? put? every? single? sheet? into? a? sheet? protector!? Do? NOT? put? papers? into? expensive? binders,? portfolios,? or? folders! ? ? STRUCTURE? (How? your? paper? should? be? structured)? ? Research? paper? with? chapters? Research? paper? without? chapters? ? title? page? ? title? page? table? of? content? ? text? ? introduction? o introduction? ? chapters? o main? body ? conclusion? o conclusion? ? bibliography? /? list? of? works? cited? ? bibliography? /? list? of? works? cited? ? appendix? (if? applicable)? ? appendix? (if? applicable)? ? Start? a? new? page? after? the? cover? page,? the? table? of? content,? and? the? conclusion? (and? the? bibliography? if? you? have? an? appendix).? Do? not? start? a? new? page? for? every? single? chapter!? ? Information? that? belongs? on? a? title? page:? ? title? of? the? paper? ? course? information? (title,? number,? semester,? name? of? course? instructor)? ? student? nformation? (full? name,? student? number,? study? code,? e? mail? address)? ? date? of? submission? ? (There? is? no? page? number? on? the? front? page,? even? though? it? counts? as? a? page. )? ? ? GENERAL? POINTS? TO? CONSIDER? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Try? to? be? very? specific? in? your? writing;? avoid? generalizations.? Stick? to? general? composition? guidelines,? i. e.? how? to? structure? paragraphs? (e. g.? usually? there? is? no? such? thing? as? a? one? sentence? paragraph? in? an? academic? paper;? start? a? paragraph? with? a? topic? sentence? and? build? your? argument? from? there).? Stick? to? the? academic? register? and? do? ot? include ? colloquial? expressions? or? words.? Be? as? specific? and? explicit? in? your? statements? as? possible? but? do? not? state? the? very? obvious? in? terms? of? what? you? do,? use,? and? analyze? in? your? paper.? E. g.? do? NOT? write:? â€Å"I? am? going? to? do? this? by? analyzing? the? primary? text? and? consulting? secondary? sources? on? the? text†;? or? â€Å"The? final? chapter? is? followed? by? a? conclusion,? which? summarizes? all? the? main? arguments? brought? forward? in? the? discussion†;? or? â€Å"After? the? conclusion,? a? list? of? works? cited? includes? all? the? references. †? Those? things? are? obvious!? It? is? ermissible? to? use? â€Å"I†? in? academic? papers? on? a? limited? basis? (e. g.? â€Å"In? this? paper? I? will? argue? that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).? If? possible,? however,? use? passive? constructions? or? other? expressions? (e. g.? â€Å"The? aim? of? this? paper? is? to? show? that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? or? â€Å"It? ha s? been? argued? that†).? Avoid? expressions? like? â€Å"The? author? of? this? article? thinks? that†? (use? â€Å"I†? instead)? or? â€Å"as? we? have? shown†? (if? there? is? only? one? single? author).? Make? sure? you? note? down? the? bibliographical? information? of? all? sources? you? consult? for? your? research? to? avoid? plagiarism.? While? you? do? your? research,? keep? a? orking? bibliography? that? helps? you? keep? track? of? all? material? used? and? allows? you? to? go? back? to? sources,? e. g.? to? check? quotations.? ? ? QUOTATION? GUIDELINES? (How? to? include? quotes? in? your? text)? ? ? c.? schwarz? ? Use? parenthetical? documentation,? i. e.? include? the? author’s? name? and? page? reference? right? after? the? quote,? summary,? or? paraphrase.? The? idea? of? performance? art? is? to? â€Å"turn? to? the? body? as? material? for? art†? (Goldberg? 7).? Note? that? the? punctuation? mark? goes? AFTER? the? parenthe sis.? ? Always? use? the? exact? name? or? title? under? which? a? work? is? listed? n? the? bibliography.? Parenthetical? reference? for? two? or? more? authors:? (Gilbert? and? Gubar? 127)? 2? ? ? ? ? (Rabkin,? Greenberg,? and? Oleander? 25)? (Lauter? et? al.? 1584? 87)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? source:? (Brown? 26;? Fukuyama? 42;? Armstrong,? Yang,? and? Cuneo? 80? 82)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? author? with? the? same? last? name:? (C.? Brown? 26;? M.? Brown? 52)? Parenthetical? reference? for? more? than? one? source? by? one? author:? (Frye,? Anatomy? 13)? (Frye,? Doubt? Vision? 56)? Parenthetical? reference? for? work? listed? under? title? n? the? bibliography:? (Special? Report? 3)? ? If? someone? else? is? quoted? in? a? secondary? source,? use? the? abbreviation? â€Å"qtd.? in†:? As? the? reporter? Casey? Burko? puts? it:? â€Å"The? story? speaks? to? us,? and? we? respond†? (qtd.? in? Buckman? 35).? ? Use? single? quotation? marks? for? a? quote? within? a? quote:? â€Å"‘It’s? a? good? thing? we? stopped,’? the? dark? man? said? huskily†? (Gardner? 47).? ? If? a? direct? quotation? is? longer? than? three? lines,? set? it? apart:? ? The? following? quote? illustrates? the? transcendence? of? time? through? literature:? ? We? read? the? verses? of? one? of? the? great? English? oets,? of? Chaucer,? of? Marvell,? of? Dryden,? with? the? most? modern? joy? –? with? a? pleasure,? I? mean,? which? is? in? great? part? caused? by? the? abstraction? of? all? time? from? their? verses.? (Emerson? 50? 51)? ? ? ? ? Note? that? the? punctuation? mark? goes? BEFORE? the? parenthetical? reference? in? this? case? and? that? NO? quotation? marks? are? used.? ? Punctuation? marks? with? quotations? o No? punctuation? if? the? quote? is? part? of? the? sentence:? People? consider? watching? TV? news? as? a? â€Å"form? of? modern? civic? duty†? (Lewis? 26).? o Colon? or? comma? if? it? is? independent? from? the? structure? of? he? main? sentence:? Schopenhauer? holds? a? bold? view:? â€Å"Music? [†¦]? is? in? the? highest? degree? a? universal? language†? (qtd.? in? Nietzsche? 99).? â€Å"Music,†? according? to? Schopenhauer,? â€Å"[†¦]? is? in? the? highest? degree? a? universal? language†? (qtd.? in? Nietzsche? 99).? ? Alterations? to? original? quotes:? o Leaving? something? out:? [†¦]? He? notes? that? â€Å"we? read? the? verses? [†¦]? with? the? most? modern? joy†? (Emerson? 50)? o Adding? something:? [addition]? Even? harsh? critics? acknowledge? that? â€Å"[s]ometimes,? it? [the? fictional? form]? serves? simply? as? the? framework? for? developing? an? argument†? (Faber? and?Sherry? 831).? o Adding? an? emphasis:? italics? (emphasis? added)? â€Å"Ours? is? a? world? that? is? both? everywhere? and? nowhere,? but? it? is? not? where? bodies? live†? (Barlow;? emp hasis? added).? o Indicating? an? error? in? the? original:? [sic]? â€Å"The? Business? of? Printing? has? chiefly? to? do? with? Mens? [sic]? Opinions†? (Franklin? qtd.? in? Burns? 95).? ? Footnotes? and? endnotes? are? only? used? as? content? notes,? i. e.? to? include? additional? information? that? does? not? belong? in? the? text? itself.? ? c.? schwarz? Also,? he? did? not? regard? the? professional? blues? as? a? threat? to? the? folk? blues,? but? as? ? development? of? the? same? tradition? under? new,? urban? circumstances. 1? 1? In? â€Å"songs? Called? the? Blues,†? Hughes? emphasized? that? he? saw? the? blues? as? â€Å"city? songs? ? rising? from? the? crowded? streets? of? big? towns,†? and? as? â€Å"today? songs,? here? and? now†? (159;? Hughes's? emphases).? ? Hurston? gives? a? list? of? the? most? significant? contributions. 2? 2? The? examples? in? the? following? paragraph? are? taken? from? Hurston? 176.? ? 3? WRITING? AND? PUN CTUATION? GUIDELINES? ? ? ? ? Be? consistent? with? your? spelling? and? punctuation? throughout? the? paper? Do? NOT? se? abbreviations? and? avoid? short? versions:? I? am? (I’m),? we? are? (we’re),? do? not? (don’t),? will? not? (won’t),? cannot? (can’t),? they? have? (they’ve),? etc.? Capitalize? every? word? in? titles,? except? articles,? prepositions,? and? conjunctions.? Separate? a? title? from? a? subtitle? with? a? colon? (unless? it? ends? with? â€Å"? †? or? â€Å"! †).? â€Å"The? American? Declaration? of? Independence:? Narrative? Horizons? of? a? Text? in? Con? Text†? â€Å"Teaching? American? Studies? Abroad:? The? European? Experience†? Whose? Music A? Sociology? of? Musical? Language? Bringing? It? All? Back? Home:? Essays? on? Cultural? Studies?

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery

A rESEACH PAPER| AGAINST COSMETIC SUGERY| ENC 1102Instructor: Luse| | By Maria Garzon| 3/25/2013| Background and Thesis Opponents have historically overlooked the primary reasons for it’s against to plastic surgery. It promotes a continuing descent into all things vain. Rather than accepting their perceived flaws, growing, and developing character, they take a chance going under the knife. Plastic surgery rarely produces the desired results and creates unhealthier obsession with things that would be relatively trivial in a mentally healthy person with proper priorities and emotional disorders.Even if, by some miracle, someone is completely happy with their surgery, it only serves to perpetuate the cycle; for themselves and for others. The obsession doesn't go away in these people. Their thinking inevitably moves on to having more things done. The plastic surgery craze is insidious because it targets those who are obsessed with their outer appearance, not what's important. Furt hermore, the demand for cosmetic plastic surgery increases despite the increasing cost, in contrast to other traditional goods for which demand typically declines as price increases.Cosmetic plastic surgery has moved beyond the stage of being an exclusive privilege of the rich and famous. Nevertheless, cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the medical specialties exposed to a substantially high risk of malpractice claims. Most malpractice claims in cosmetic plastic surgery are not consequences of technical faults but because of inadequate patient selection criteria and lack of adequate communication between patient and surgeon.Proven efficient training, careful utilization of computer imaging techniques in association with the adoption of simple precautions and guidelines and adequate communication along with a completed patient's consent form are important essentials in case of medical litigation. .Mental and emotional stability are increasingly taking a backseat to physical appearanc e. People just don't realize what they're doing to themselves because they have never really valued anything other than physical appearance in the first place.The fact that these things aren't obvious to more people truly shows where our culture is heading. Just think about this question: Is the freedom to do whatever we want with our lives a valuable passport even to overpass the limits of morals and ethics. People generally aren't against plastic surgery. They're against people who look perfectly fine getting their face cut up because they want to look like their favorite celebrity. Opposition A new survey shows that more than half (51%) of all Americans regardless of income approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, this is a 3% increase from 2009.According to the February 2011 report, 52% of respondents with an income of under $25K approve of cosmetic surgery (48% of respondents with an income between $25K-$50K approve, 45% of respondents with an income between $50K-$75K approve, and 56% of respondents with an income above $75K approve) and 29% of the respondents who earn under $25K would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves. â€Å"As the numbers suggest people in every income bracket, single or married, male or female, view plastic surgery as a reasonable option today,† said Felmont F.Eaves III, MD, President of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). â€Å"Taking care of yourself and paying attention to physical appearance is increasingly important to everyone. As both traditional surgical procedures have been improved and refined, and new nonsurgical options have become available, aesthetic plastic surgeons have more to offer to our patients. † Other key findings of the study include:53% of women and 49% of men say they approve of cosmetic surgery. 67% of Americans would not be embarrassed if their friends and family knew they had cosmetic surgery. 7% of married Americans and 33% of unmarried Americans would consider cosm etic surgery for themselves, now or in the future. 67% of white Americans and 72% of non-white Americans say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. Most Americans (71%) said their attitude toward cosmetic surgery had not changed in the last five years, though 20% said it was ‘more favorable. ‘Out of all age groups, men and women between the ages of 18 and 24 are the most likely to consider plastic surgery for themselves now or in the future (37%). 7% of Americans 65 or older say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. The study was commissioned by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and conducted by the independent research firm innovate. According to 2010 ASAPS Cosmetic Surgery Statistics, almost 9. 5 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States last year. Women had nearly 8. 6 million cosmetic procedures (92 percent of total) and men had more than 750,000 proce dures (8 percent of total).Overall, the number of surgical procedures increased by almost 9 percent and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures decreased 9 percent from 2010 to access the complete 2010 ASAPS Statistics. A 2004 study published in the official medical journal of the ASPS, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that deaths occurring at office-based surgery facilities are rare–less than 1/4 percent. More than 400,000 operative procedures in accredited office-based outpatient surgery centers were studied from 2000-2002. Serious complications were infrequent, occurring 1 in 298 cases or 0. 4 percent with death occurring 1 in 51,459 cases or 0. 0019 percent, which is comparable to the overall risk of such procedures performed in hospital surgery facilities, this publication makes me think about my life or my beauty Well, someone has to defend cosmetic plastic surgery, says Rachel Weisz, Hollywood beauty. There are several reasons why she is in approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, that extend beyond her own vested interest of making a living. She also asks,† Where do you draw the line between acceptable vanity and unacceptable vanity? You shower, bathe and get regular haircuts.You color your hair to be lighter, darker, more dramatic, or to hide the grays. You spend large amounts of money on skin care products and eye creams. You wear cosmetics, buy and wear flattering clothing , pay a fortune for your kids to have straight teeth . Why are these things acceptable but cosmetic surgery, which actually works, is not? Do you know that the entire skin care industry is lying to you? Over-the-counter skin care products don’t work. At best, they don’t work that well. Regardless of how expensive they are, your face will still sag and wrinkle.Women spend an average of $24,000 over their lifetimes fighting wrinkles, and yet, the wrinkles keep coming. † She basically want to covey that she is in approve of cosmetic surgery because is che aper than using creams or products, she believe in vanity, plus being perfect is the main character in her life. Refutation I have fact about how cans harmful cosmetic surgeries are. October, 2000. A new study suggests that a few patients who seek facial plastic surgery have a personality disorder. Surgery may benefit some of these patients, but others remain discontented and may seek legal recourse from their surgeon.A person's self-image plays a key role in the development of personality. Young men and women with a subjective negative impression of their self-image develop defense mechanisms to cope with low esteem. Later in life, they may request cosmetic surgery to â€Å"normalize† a perceived abnormal appearance. These patients may, in fact, not need cosmetic surgery to address patterns of behavior found in certain personality types. Following surgery, conflict may arise between patient and surgeon. The researchers contend that facial plastic surgeons may encounter this problem.Their study attempts to describe the personality disorders of patients seeking facial plastic surgery to allow the specialist to make an informed decision to treat, or not to treat. The research was carried out by a team led by Henri Gaboriau MD, from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and H. Devon Graham III MD, from the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA. The findings were presented on April 28,1999 at a meeting of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.The Bible does not specifically address a Christian having plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery. There is nothing in the Bible to indicate that plastic surgery is, in and of itself, wrong. However, there are several things that one needs to consider before deciding whether or not to undergo these procedures. Altering one's body is unnatural, and there are always risks of potential side effects, both physical and psycholo gical. No one should allow himself to be put â€Å"under the knife† without first thoroughly researching all alternatives, risks, and side effects involved with the surgery.A person also needs to fully identify his or her motivation for desiring the surgery. For many with physical deformities; whether genetic or acquired, it is natural to want to fit into society and feel â€Å"normal. † There are also cases of slight abnormalities that would cause someone to feel very uncomfortable with himself, such as a very large or misshapen nose. But many, if not most, plastic surgeries are attempts to meet emotional voids in physical ways, to attract attention, or to seek approval from others. The most important thing to do before making the decision to undergo plastic surgery would be to consult God about the issue.The Bible tells us that God cares about every worry and concern that we have, so we should take our problems to Him (1 Peter 5:7). Through the wisdom and guidance of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God, we have the ability to make decisions that will please and honor Him. â€Å"Charm is deceptive, and beauty is fleeting; but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised† (Proverbs 31:30). Even the most skilled surgeon cannot hold back the hands of time, and all cosmetic surgeries will eventually have the same result—aging. Those lifted body parts will sag again, and those cosmetically altered facial features will eventually wrinkle.It is far better to work on beautifying the person underneath, â€Å"that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God's sight† (1 Peter 3:4). Conclusion I am against plastic surgery because it is generally unnecessary surgery which comes with very serious risks. Our society places great importance in appearance, which leads to unrealistic standards that young girls and women. Plastic surgery only strengthens these insane standards and weakens the self-esteem of girls and women who do not feel as though they measure up.Learn to love the body you have. And more people want surgery, but we are not becoming uglier as a race, we are just adjusting our notion of what is beautiful and what is not. All of us are the product of billions of years of evolution and sexual selection; we are the direct descendants of 100s of millions of others who have been found sexually attractive by someone else, we can't be that ugly. As wonderful as this piece of modern medical technology may sound, cosmetic surgery is not all that advantageous and in most of all cases, it is not needed.There is no point in transforming a healthy body. That is why the idea of the perfect body image has to be forgotten, and it has to be recognized that everyone is a special human being. Sources Laurie J. Fundukian, Richard H. Camer â€Å"Blepharoplasty. â€Å". The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed.. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 6 vols. Print Kimberly,HenryA. , andPennyHeckaman. â€Å"The-Plastic-Surgery-Sourcebook† Lincolnwood: NTC/ Contemporary Publishing, 1999. Print Liz Jones †If face creams really beat ageing, I wouldn't have had a facelift† 25 July 2011http://www. dailymail. co. ukNewswire Association LLC â€Å"Plastic Surgery Complications and Deaths are Rare, Despite Highly Publicized Death of Donda West† US Newswire. Nov. 14, 2007 pNA. ; http://www. plasticsurgery. org; National Review â€Å"Survey Shows That More Than Half of Americans Approve of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery† New York, NY ,April 4, 2011 ; www. surgery. org; http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A63931-2004Oct26. html http://www. prweb. com/releases/2013/3/prweb10557201. htm http://www. deseretnews. com/article/865575486/Teens-turn-to-plastic-surgery-experts-tackle-the-when-and-why. html? pg=all